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Effects range low and effects range median
In environmental toxicology, effects range low (ERL) and effects range median (ERM) are specific chemical concentrations that are derived from compiled biological toxicity assays and synoptic sampling of marine sediment. These numerical values are sediment quality guidelines that were developed by Long and Morgan 〔Long E.R., L.G. Morgan. The Potential for Biological Effects of Sediment-Sorbed Contaminants Tested in the National Status and Trends Program. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Seattle, Washington. 1990.〕 for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Status & Trends program as informal tools in screening sediment.〔NOAA. 1999. Sediment Quality Guidelines Developed for the National Status and Trends Program. http://www.ccma.nos.noaa.gov/publications/sqg.pdf. Accessed: June 4, 2012.〕 ERL and ERM are considered guidelines to help categorize the range of concentrations in sediment which effects are scarcely observed or predicted (below the ERL) and the range above which effects are generally or always observed (above the ERM).〔Long, Edward R., Donald D. McDonald, Sherri L. Smith, and Fred D. Calder. "Incidence of Adverse Biological Effects Within Range of Chemical Concentrations in Marine and Estuarine Sediments." Environmental Management 19.1 (1995): 81-97.〕 These guidelines are used for screening sediments for trace metals and organic contaminants.〔EPA. 2011. Sediment Benchmarks for Aquatic Life. http://www.epa.gov/bpspill/sediment-benchmarks.html. Accessed: May 3, 2012.〕
NOAA’s National Status and Trends program provides large amounts of sediment chemistry data. Due to a lack of national criteria for chemical concentrations in sediment, NOAA developed sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) that would enable them to evaluate if a concentration of a contaminant may have toxicological effects. They are not regulatory criteria in any way and should not be used as such.〔 ERL/ERM are just sediment quality guidelines that have been developed.
==Derivation ==
NOAA originally calculated ERL/ERMs using existing toxicity data compiled from completed toxicity assays with varying endpoints, including effects on commonly tested organisms, particularly at sensitive life stages. The process is considered a "weight of evidence approach", in which results are based on a large database of previously conducted studies. The studies used included synoptically collected sediment chemical analyses and toxicity effects data. Using data already collected ("data mining") has the advantage of being able to quickly and inexpensively make an assessment with a large dataset that would otherwise require much more time-consuming and costly specific toxicity assays. Compiled data sets include a variety of endpoints including, but not limited to, mortality, reproduction, growth rate, and juvenile survival in sediment toxicity data sets for all organisms for which tests have been conducted. Studies are screened, and only those assays using standardized methods and resulting in significant effects are used for the determination of ERL/ERM guidelines.
In summary, the key links between the compiled studies are the testing of a specific analyte - toxicity assays used are for sediment, and a significant effect must be determined. The data is arranged by ordering the concentrations from lowest to highest. After ranking, both the 10th and 50th percentile concentrations are determined over the range of endpoint concentrations. The 10th percentile of the ranked data is identified as the ERL, and is considered indicative of concentrations below which adverse effects (relatively) rarely occur. The 50th percentile of the ranked data is identified as the ERM, and is indicative of concentrations above which adverse effects (relatively) frequently occur.〔
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